Study on binocular and monocular accommodation in premyopia based on data integration pattern / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To compare the binocular and monocular accommodation among normal group, premyopia group and mild myopia group, and to study the characteristics of accommodation in the premyopia group, thus providing clinical evidence for the delay/prevention of myopia and the effective decrease of the incidence of myopia.METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 179 children who had abnormal/high-risk visual acuity indicated by the vision screening in school from October 2021 to February 2023 were selected, including 92 males and 87 females, aged from 6 to 12(mean 8.55±1.66)years old, then they were referred to the Juvenile Myopia Prevention and Control Center in Cuizu Community Health Service Center. They were divided into normal group(+0.75 D<SE≤+2.00 D), the premyopia group(-0.50 D<SE≤+0.75 D)and the mild myopia group(-3.00 D≤SE≤-0.50 D)according to the diopters after cycloplegia, and binocular myopia grouping is defined by the eye with lower diopter. Binocular positive relative accommodation(PRA), negative relative accommodation(NRA), accommodative facility(AF), and monocular AF and amplitude of accommodation(AA)were examined. The age, binocular and monocular accommodation of different groups were compared.RESULTS: There were no difference in the sex ratio of different groups(χ2=0.167, P=0.920). There was no difference in age between the normal group and the premyopia group(P=0.310), but there were differences between the mild myopia group and the normal group and premyopia group(P=0.018, <0.01); Binocular NRA, PRA, and AF had significance between the normal group and the premyopia group(P<0.01), while there was no significance between the premyopia group and the mild myopia(P>0.05). Monocular AF had significance between the normal group and the premyopia group(P<0.01), while there was no significance between the premyopia group and the mild myopia group(P>0.05); The monocular AA had significance among the three groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Although the diopters was normal, binocular NRA, PRA, monocular and binocular AF had significantly decreased in the premyopia group, and there was no significant difference compared with mild myopia group; monocular AA had decreased in the premyopia group and it was also significantly different from the mild myopia group. The accommodation function should be examined in premyopic children. Recovering the abnormal visual function through visual training may be a way to prevent and control premyopia from progressing to myopia.

Transient change in the binocular visual function after femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis for myopia patients

Purpose: The goal of this study was to compare the difference in binocular visual function for high and low?moderate myopes before and after femtosecond laser?assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS?LASIK). Methods: Thirty?three subjects (17 males and 16 females) were divided into two groups according to their preoperative refractive errors in spherical equivalent (SE): low?moderate myopia group (SE ??6.00 D) and high myopia group (SE <?6.00 D). The binocular visual function including accommodative amplitude (AA), accommodative facility (AF), positive and negative relative accommodation (PRA and NRA, respectively), horizontal phoria measurement, positive and negative fusion vergence, accommodative–convergence over accommodation (AC/A) ratio, and stereopsis were assessed with the best?corrected vision before patients received FS?LASIK and 7 and 30 days after the surgery. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to study the change in binocular visual function. Results: The AF values in both groups were significantly reduced after 7 days of FS?LASIK (baseline vs. day 7 (mean): high myopia group: 7.85 vs. 5.62 cpm, repeated ANOVA, P = 0.01; low?moderate myopia group: 5.95 vs. 4.40 cpm, repeated ANOVA, P = 0.04). This change returned to the baseline level 30 days after the operation. In addition, the horizontal phoria values in both groups were significantly reduced for both distant (P = 0.019 and P = 0.001, respectively) and near (P = 0.003 and P = 0.049, respectively) 7 days after the operation, but they rebound to preoperative state after 30 days. Conclusion: A transient change in binocular visual function was noticed after 7 days of FS?LASIK operation, which could cause symptoms of asthenopia. Our data showed all the binocular visual functions returned to baseline level after 30 days of operation.

Value of virtual operating system for visual behavioral assessment in mice models of visual disease / 中华实验眼科杂志

Visual behaviorally operant method is one of the main detections for identifying animal models of visual diseases, which is mainly through the optomotor response (OMR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) stimulated by the virtual operating system (VOS). The automated VOS was commonly used as a powerful tool to control the contrast sensitivity and measure the spatial frequency of the monitoring device by adjusting parameters such as grating fringe width, rotation velocity and light intensity, and also to track the OKR, OMR, and the combined movement of OKR and OMR.Both the optimized measuring methods and evaluation indicators including the search coils, the corneal labeling, OMR-arena system, the OMR index, the staircase protocol tests and the improved stimuli from two-dimensional to three-dimensional helped to ensure the validity of test data.Moreover, the introduction of image recognition technology benefited in extracting the body and head contours of mice.Computer algorithms such as deep learning were also applied to analyze and process the visual behavior of diseased mice, which promoted sensitivity, shortened testing time, reduced detection errors and improved data accuracy.For all the factors mentioned, the VOS could be used as an effective research tool for glaucoma, cataract, retinopathy, hereditary eye disease, optic nerve degeneration and others.This article reviewed the value of VOS for visual behavioral assessment in mice models of visual disease from the visual detection methods and assessment indicators.

Effect of orthokeratology lens on the postoperative binocular vision rebuilding in patients with intermittent exotropia combined with myopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the effect of wearing an orthokeratology lens on postoperative binocular vision rebuilding in patients with intermittent exotropia combined with myopic refractive error.METHODS: Prospective control study. A total of 60 patients(120 eyes)with intermittent exotropia and myopia who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from June 2019 to December 2020 were selected. Patients who wore orthokeratology lenses or monofocal frame glasses after surgery were divided into a treatment group(group A)and a control group(group B)according to the wishes of patients and their families, with 30 cases(60 eyes)in each group, and they were followed-up for 6mo. The third level visual function and Titmus near stereoscopic visual function of the two groups of patients were observed before and 6mo after surgery.RESULTS: There was no statistical significance in all observation indicators between group A and group B before surgery(P&#x003E;0.05). After 6mo of surgery, patients with intermittent exotropia achieved significant improvement in binocular visual function and corrected eye position. Group A was superior to group B in terms of fusion range and near stereoscopic visual function(P&#x003C;0.05). There was no statistical significance between the two groups in terms of simultaneous vision and stereoscopic visual function(P&#x003E;0.05).CONCLUSION: The binocular visual function of patients with intermittent exotropia after surgery has significantly improved. Wearing orthokeratology lenses can effectively improve binocular visual function in patients with intermittent exotropia combined with myopia after surgery.

Stereoscopic reconstruction in adults with intermittent exotropia after surgery / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the status of stereoscopic reconstruction in adults with intermittent exotropia after surgery, and analyze related influencing factors.METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted among 196 adults with intermittent exotropia who were admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to January 2021. All patients underwent strabismus surgery, and their preoperative and postoperative data were collected.RESULTS: Near and distal stereo visual function was not found in all the included 196 patients before surgery. The reconstruction rates of near stereo visual function and distal stereo visual function were 52.6%(103/196)and 50.5%(99/196), respectively. There were significant differences in surgical age, age of onset, course of disease, and postoperative level of horizontal strabismus between patients with near stereoscopic reconstruction(103 cases)and those without reconstruction(93 cases; P<0.001). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age of onset, course of disease, and postoperative level of horizontal strabismus were factors influencing near stereo visual function reconstruction(P<0.05). The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve showed that the area under the curve(AUC)values of age of onset, course of disease and postoperative level of horizontal strabismus to predict near stereo visual function reconstruction were 0.757, 0.737 and 0.727, respectively(P<0.001). There were significant differences in surgical age, age of onset, course of disease, and postoperative level of horizontal strabismus between patients with distal stereoscopic reconstruction(99 cases)and those without reconstruction(97 cases; P<0.001). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age of onset and course of disease were factors influencing distal stereo visual function reconstruction(P<0.05). ROC curve showed that the AUC values of age of onset and course of disease to predict distal stereo visual function reconstruction were 0.672 and 0.821, respectively(P<0.001).CONCLUSION: Stereoscopic reconstruction in adults with intermittent exotropia after surgery is affected by many factors, such as age of onset and course of disease. The influencing factors of near stereo visual function reconstruction and distal stereo visual function reconstruction are different, which deserves attention.

Effects of phacoemulsification with steep meridian transparent corneal incision on visual function, corneal astigmatism and tear film changes / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the effect of phacoemulsification with steep meridian transparent corneal incision on visual function, corneal astigmatism and tear film changes.METHODS: A total of 106 cataract patients(106 eyes)who underwent phacoemulsification in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected as research objects, and they were divided into observation group and control group according to the operation mode: with 51 patients in the observation group who were treated with steep meridian transparent corneal incision, and 55 patients in the control group who were treated with transnasal transparent corneal incision. The changes of visual function, corneal astigmatism and tear film between the two groups were compared before operation and at 1wk, 1 and 3mo after operation.RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the operation of two groups(all P&#x0026;#x003E;0.05). The visual acuity was significantly improved at 1wk, 1 and 3mo after operation, and it was better in the observation group than that in the control group. Mean defect(MD)of visual field was significantly lower, and it was significantly lower in the control group(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05); The corneal astigmatism AKP(+0)of the two groups was significantly lower at 3mo after operation, and the observation group was significantly lower than the control group(P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05). There was no statistical difference in corneal astigmatism AKP(+45)(P&#x0026;#x003E;0.05); Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt)value increased first and then decreased, and the valley value was at 1wk after operation; Tear film break-up time(BUT)decreased first and then increased, and the valley value was at 1wk after operation. SⅠt in the observation group was lower than that in the control group at each time point(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05), while BUT in the observation group was higher than that in the control group at each time point(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05).CONCLUSION: Steep meridian transparent corneal incision phacoemulsification surgery is beneficial to improve the postoperative visual function of patients, reduce postoperative corneal astigmatism, reduce the damage to the patient's tear film function, and promote its recovery.

Research progress of retinal microscopic changes after extraocular muscle surgery / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

As a primary treatment for strabismus, extraocular muscle surgery can achieve the purpose of correcting the eye position, improving the appearance and reconstructing the third-level visual function. Previous studies have found that the vascular density(VD)and thickness of retina increased in the early stage after extraocular muscle surgery, where multiple mechanisms involved. In recent years, with the appearance of detection means such as optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), our quantitative understanding of retinal microscopic changes and their mechanisms brought about by traditional extraocular muscle surgery has become more and more profound. The increase of retinal VD in the early postoperative period may be closely related to the recovery of postoperative visual function. However, the related studies are few, and the association between microscopic changes and visual function after extraocular muscle surgery and its mechanism need to be further clarified. This article will review the microscopic changes of retina and their mechanisms after extraocular muscle surgery from multiple perspectives to improve our understanding of the relationship between the mechanism of its influence and visual function, with a view to provide references for the choice of extraocular muscle surgery scheme and related clinical research.

Research progress on the correlation between visual impairment and cognitive impairment / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

As aging societies enter worldwide, the elderly population is increasing year by year, and visual and cognitive impairment have thus become important global issues, imposing a significant socioeconomic burden worldwide. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown a strong association between visual and cognitive impairments, with patients with visual impairment being more likely to experience cognitive decline, especially dementia. In addition, there is also evidence that improving visual acuity has a significant effect on cognitive function, and that by improving visual function, the development of cognitive decline and dementia can be delayed, which provides new ideas for public health efforts to delay and mitigate cognitive decline and dementia by improving visual function. The possible mechanisms underlying the association between visual and cognitive impairment remain unclear and need to be studied further.

Clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with acute acquired concomitant esotropia in different refractive status / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To analyze the clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with acute acquired concomitant esotropia(AACE)in different refractive status.METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 110 patients with non-type I AACE treated from January 2020 to January 2022. The non-myopic group(30 cases, spherical equivalent&#x003E;-0.5D)and the myopic group(80 cases, spherical equivalent≤-0.5D)were divided according to the refractive status. The degree of deviation, accommodative convergence and accommodation ratio(AC/A), visual function, and surgical methods were observed. RESULTS: The non-myopic group had no difference in the degree of near deviation [(47.13±23.54)△] and the degree of distant deviation [(48.90±22.59)△](P&#x003E;0.05); near deviation [(40.49±26.09)△] of myopic group was less than distant deviation [(50.09±25.41)△](P&#x003C;0.001); and there was no difference in the same distance between the two groups(P&#x003E;0.05). AC/A in the non-myopic group(5.40±2.23)was higher than that in the myopic group(3.14±3.10; P&#x003C;0.05). Patients in the myopic group had better near stereopsis than the non-myopic group(P&#x003C;0.05). The non-myopic group had a variety of surgical methods, while the myopic group mostly used lateral rectus resection or/and medial rectus recession.CONCLUSION: AACE can occur in different refractive status. Non-myopic patients have the same degree of distant and near strabismus, high AC/A, and varied surgical methods. However, myopic patients have less degree of near deviation than distant deviation and have normal AC/A and better near stereopsis, and lateral rectus resection or/and medial rectus recession are commonly used.

Research status and progress on the influence of high myopia on ocular structure and visual function / 中华眼底病杂志

High myopia has a high genetic tendency, it not only shows in the excessive elongation of the axial length, but also lends to the formation and progression of various eye lesions, such as peripheral retinopathy, optic disc changes, posterior staphyloma, and myopic maculopathy, due to the mechanical stretching of the axial length to the ocular structure. In addition, high myopia increases the risk of several complications, such as glaucoma, cataract, and corneal disease. All these pathological changes will affect visual function and lead to irreversible vision impairment and blindness in the future. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to screening for optic disc abnormalities and posterior staphyloma, and regular monitor the changes of fundus, intraocular pressure, and lens. At the same time, high myopia has an impact on personal life such as study, psychology, sport, and work, and can reduce the quality of life as well as increase the cost of health care. The clinic should pay more attention to high myopia, prevent and control the development of high myopia from an early stage, in order to minimize its impact on ocular structure and visual function as well as its hazard to personal life and society.

Resultados de la cirugía de catarata en pacientes longevos / Outcomes of Cataract Surgery in Long-lived Patients

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados clínico-quirúrgicos de la cirugía de catarata del primer ojo y su efecto en la calidad de vida de pacientes longevos. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación longitudinal prospectiva, del tipo series de casos en pacientes de 80 y más años de edad (longevos) sometidos a cirugía de catarata en un primer ojo con implante de lente intraocular. Se compararon los resultados visuales y la calidad de vida autopercibida, antes y después de la cirugía. Se identificaron las causas oculares en los casos con impedimento visual posoperatorio. Resultados: Se estudiaron 88 pacientes con una edad promedio de 87,97 años. Predominaron los pacientes femeninos (63,63 por ciento), de color de piel blanca (75 por ciento), con hipertensión arterial (61,36 por ciento) y diabetes mellitus (23,86 por ciento). El 18,18 por ciento tenía antecedentes oculares de glaucoma. Se utilizó la facoemulsificación en el 52,27 por ciento como técnica quirúrgica. El síndrome de iris fláccido intraoperatorio y la hipertensión ocular fueron las complicaciones intraoperatorias más frecuentes. El edema corneal predominó como complicación posquirúrgica (10,2 por ciento). La función visual (agudeza visual sin corrección y agudeza visual mejor corregida), así como la calidad de vida autopercibida mejoraron significativamente en el posoperatorio (p < 0,001). La degeneración macular asociada a la edad y la membrana epiretiniana fueron las principales causas, en ese orden, de impedimento visual posoperatorio. Conclusiones: La cirugía de catarata del primer ojo mejora la función visual y la calidad de vida autopercibida de pacientes longevos. La degeneración macular asociada a la edad es la principal causa del impedimento visual posoperatorio de estos pacientes(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the clinical-surgical outcomes of cataract surgery of the first eye and its effect on quality of life in long-lived patients. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, case series type investigation was performed in patients 80 years of age and older (long-lived) who underwent first eye cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. Visual outcomes and self-perceived quality of life before and after surgery were compared. Ocular causes were identified in cases with postoperative visual impairment. Results: We studied 88 patients with an average age of 87.97 years. Female patients predominated (63.63 percent), with white skin color (75 percent), with arterial hypertension (61.36 percent) and diabetes mellitus (23.86 percent). 18,18 percent had an ocular history of glaucoma. Phacoemulsification was used as a surgical technique in 52.27 percent. Intraoperative flaccid iris syndrome and ocular hypertension were the most frequent intraoperative complications. Corneal edema predominated as a postoperative complication (10.2 percent). Visual function (uncorrected visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity) as well as self-perceived quality of life improved significantly postoperatively (p < 0.001). Age-related macular degeneration and epiretinal membrane were the main causes, in that order, of postoperative visual impairment. Conclusions: First eye cataract surgery improves visual function and self-perceived quality of life in long-lived patients. Age-related macular degeneration is the main cause of postoperative visual impairment in these patients(AU)

Development of age appropriate vision function questionnaire for children with visual impairment (CHVI-VFQ)

Purpose: To develop a new age?appropriate visual function questionnaire for visually impaired children. Methods: The study was conducted in north India in 20,955 (97.3%) children ?15 years who underwent visual acuity examination. Of these 20,955 children, a total of 722 children were referred with unaided visual acuity less than 6/12 in any eye. Among these referred children, parents in the age group of 5–9 years and children between 10 and 15 years underwent interviews using LV Prasad Functional Visual Questionnaire?20 (LVP FVQ 20) and Indian Visual Functioning Questionnaire?33 (IND VFQ?33). Following this, multiple steps were undertaken that involved expert opinion for the removal of items on basis of zero variance and factor analysis along with calculation of Cronbach’s alpha. Results: A Cronbach’ alpha of 0.834 was calculated for the younger age group and 0.931 for the higher age group of children. Conclusion: A new robust age?appropriate questionnaire was developed and it was observed that there was a significant change in median score (that was derived for various domains after calculating the median for the items in various domains asked pre? and post?intervention in the form of glasses or surgery) for quality of visual function in the visually impaired children. A significant change in functional vision of visually impaired children (P < 0.005) was observed in both age groups

Curative effect of modified Parks incision combined with rectus linear tucking on adults with concomitant strabismus / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To explore the curative effect of modified Parks incision combined with rectus linear tucking on adults with concomitant strabismus and its influences on postoperative recovery of visual function and ocular aesthetics.METHODS: A total of 160 adults with concomitant strabismus were enrolled as the research subjects between June 2019 and June 2021. They were divided into observation group(modified Parks incision combined with rectus linear tucking, 89 cases)and control group(corneal limbal trapezoid conjunctival flap incision combined with rectus linear tucking, 71 cases)according to different surgical methods. The clinical curative effect and surgical related indexes between the two groups were compared. The changes in scores of corneal fluorescence staining, standard patient of eye dryness(SPEED), visual analogue scale(VAS)and Vancouver scar scale(VSS)before and after surgery in both groups were observed. The occurrence of complications such as poor conjunctival healing and astigmatism was statistically analyzed at 1mo after surgery.RESULTS: The total response rate of surgery in observation group was higher than that in control group, and length of surgical incision was shorter than that in control group(all P&#x003C;0.05). The scores of postoperative corneal fluorescence staining and dry eye in observation group were lower than those in control group, and VAS scores at 1wk after surgery were lower than that in control group(all P&#x003C;0.05). Postoperative divergent fusion range, strabismus angles of short-sighted 33cm and far-sighted 5m in observation group were greater than those in control group. Convergent fusion range was smaller than that in control group, and stereopsis of short-sighted 33cm and far-sighted 5m was lower than that in control group(all P&#x003C;0.05). Postoperative break-up time in observation group was longer than that in control group, lacrimal secretion was more than that in control group, and scores of corneal surface regularity index(SRI)and VSS scores were lower than those in control group(all P&#x003C;0.05). The total incidence of complications in observation group was lower than that in control group(P&#x003C;0.05).CONCLUSION: The modified Parks incision combined with rectus linear tucking can not only improve surgical effect and promote the recovery of visual function and tear film function in adults with concomitant strabismus, but also relieve dry eye and postoperative pain, improve ocular aesthetics and reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.

Research and Prospect of Visual Event-Related Potential in Traumatic Brain Injury and Visual Function Evaluation / 法医学杂志

Visual event-related potential (ERP) is an electrophysiological technique that objectively reflects the cognitive processing of stimulus from the perspective of detecting and recording neural electrophysiology responses using different paradigms of visual stimuli. Its endogenous components are closely related to advanced psychological activities. This article introduces the characteristics of main endogenous components including visual mismatch negativity (vMMN), N200 and P300, reviews the research progress of visual ERP in the sequelae of brain injury and objective evaluation of visual function, and prospects the application prospect of visual ERP in the field of forensic medicine.

Quality of life in children with strabismus / Qualidade de vida em crianças com estrabismo

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the quality of life of children with strabismus and understand their consequences in the functional and psychosocial aspects of the childhood. Methods: A semi-structured interview adapted of Adult Strabismus-20 questionnaire was conducted with parents or the legal responsible person of children aged between 3 and 13 years old attended at the public health care. A likert-scale of five points was used to measure the impact of strabismus in childhood, from psychosocial and functional aspects. Results: 97 children were included in the study. 61,4% of the children had esotropia (ET), while 35.9% had exotropia (XT). In each group, the magnitude of deviation was classified in smaller (<) or equal/greater (≥) then 30 prismatic diopters. When analyzing the functional and the psychosocial scores of the groups separated by the type of strabismus and magnitude of deviation, the average score of the group with esotropia and the patients with larger deviations were worse. The correlation value between the psychosocial and functional scores was 200.656 (p <0.01). Conclusion: Strabismus in childhood is associated with many negative effects. These consequences should be considered when deciding for surgical treatment on early ages. The strabismus treatment may change positively how these children perceive themselves, resulting in benefits on quality of life from both the functional and psychosocial perspectives.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de crianças com estrabismo e entender suas consequências em aspectos funcionais e psicossociais da infância. Métodos: Uma entrevista semiestruturada adaptada do questionário Adult Strabismus-20 foi realizada com os pais ou responsáveis legais das crianças entre 3 e 13 anos atendidas na rede pública de saúde. Uma escala do tipo Likert de cinco pontos foi usada para mensurar o impacto do estrabismo na infância, do ponto de vista funcional e psicossocial. Resultados: Foram incluídas no estudo 97 crianças, sendo 61,4% com esotropia e 35,9% com exotropia. Em cada grupo, a magnitude do desvio foi classificada em menor ou maior que 30 dioptrias prismáticas. Quando analisados os escores funcionais e psicossociais de cada grupo separados por tipo e magnitude do desvio, a média do escore do grupo com esotropia e dos pacientes com maior desvio foi pior. O valor de correlação entre os escores funcionais e psicossociais foi de 0,656 (p<0,01). Conclusão: Estrabismo na infância está associado a muitos efeitos negativos. As consequências devem ser levadas em consideração quando da decisão por tratamento cirúrgico em idades precoces. O tratamento do estrabismo pode alterar de forma positiva a percepção que a criança tem de si mesma, resultando em benefícios na qualidade de vida, tanto em aspectos funcionais quanto psicossociais.

Efficacy of addition and subtraction of Buyang Huanwu decoction in the adjuvant treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy of Qi-Yin deficiency and blood stasis / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To observe the efficacy of addition and subtraction of Buyang Huanwu decoction in the adjuvant treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy of Qi-Yin deficiency and blood stasis and its effects on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndromes and visual function level. <p>METHODS: A total of 110 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy of Qi-Yin deficiency and blood stasis in our hospital between January 2017 and December 2019 were selected and divided into observation group(55 cases, 110 eyes)and control group(55 cases, 110 eyes). Patients in control group received conventional treatment according to the condition of patients with reference to relevant guidelines, and patients in observation group were combined with addition and subtraction of Buyang Huanwu decoction adjuvant therapy on this basis. The clinical efficacy after 3mo of treatment, and TCM syndromes scores, clinical indicators(macular edema score, macular retinal volume, macular foveal retinal thickness), visual function(best corrected visual acuity, average visual field sensitivity)and serum biochemical indicators \〖vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1)\〗 before treatment and 3mo after treatment were compared between the two groups.<p>RESULTS: After 3mo of treatment, the total effective rate of treatment in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group(<i>P</i><0.05). After 3mo of treatment, the TCM syndromes scores in the two groups were decreased compared with those before treatment, and the scores in observation group were lower than those in control group(<i>P</i><0.05). After 3mo of treatment, the macular edema score, macular retinal volume and macular foveal retinal thickness in the two groups were reduced compared with those before treatment, and the indexes in observation group were smaller than those in control group(<i>P</i><0.05). After 3mo of treatment, the best corrected visual acuity and average visual field sensitivity in the two groups were improved compared with those before treatment, and the indexes in observation group were higher than those in control group(<i>P</i><0.05). After 3mo of treatment, the levels of serum VEGF and HIF-1 in the two groups were decreased compared with those before treatment, and the levels in observation group were lower than those in control group(<i>P</i><0.05). <p>CONCLUSION: Addition and subtraction of Buyang Huanwu decoction has an exact efficacy in the adjuvant treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy of Qi-Yin deficiency and blood stasis, and it can improve symptoms and promote visual function recovery by reducing the expressions of VEGF and HIF-1.

Evaluation and reconstruction of visual function based on virtual reality technology / 中华实验眼科杂志

Virtual reality (VR) is a computer simulation system that can create and let users experience three-dimensional virtual scenes, and can provide users with multi-sensory information.In recent years, with the rapid development of 5G, artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing, the application of VR technology in the field of ophthalmology has ushered in new opportunities and challenges.In terms of visual function assessment such as visual acuity, accommodative function, stereoscopic vision, VR combined with infrared eye tracking, binocular dichoptic vision and human-computer interaction can fully control the content presented to user, and provide the possibility to achieve personalized and automated diagnosis, which can effectively reduce labor costs.In the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus and amblyopia, VR combined with the above technologies and environmental immersion, three-dimensional imaging can provide users with rich images, reducing the difficulty of eye position measurement in strabismus and inhibition quantification in amblyopia.VR improves the fun and compliance of strabismus training, amblyopia training and stereoscopic training by imitating training paradigms such as convergence insufficiency training and visual perception training.The combination of augmented reality technology and computer-generated visual enhancement, holographic imaging, three-dimensional audio prompts and adaptive optics can effectively compensate for the visual defects of people with low vision and improve their quality of life.In the field of myopia prevention and control, the pros and cons of VR are still controversial, but it still has potential application value.In this article, the application status of virtual (augmented) reality technology in the assessment and reconstruction of visual function were reviewed, and the challenges it may face were analyzed, with a view to promoting the combination of medicine and engineering in ophthalmology diagnosis and treatment.

Progress of application of adaptive optics in ophthalmology / 中华实验眼科杂志

Adaptive optics (AO) can measure and correct wavefront aberrations in real time, which enables the optical system to adapt to external changes and maintain excellent optical performance, and has been gradually paid attention in the field of ophthalmology.AO technology can carry out optometry according to wavefront aberrations to improve the efficiency and accuracy of subjective and objective refraction, eliminate the influence of ocular aberrations on retinal imaging, provide more accurate data for the evaluation of optic nerve function, improve the effectiveness of visual perception training and provide vision care and treatment for special people, as well as simulate and predict postoperative visual outcome and give personalized schemes for refractive surgery and intraocular lens implantation.Moreover, AO combined with optical coherence tomography, optical scanning laser ophthalmoscope, and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, can realize fundus imaging and retinal vascular imaging in real time, provide better sensitivity and resolution of retinal detection, distinguish fine details of retinal vessels and cone cells, and characterize retinal pigment epithelium topology and deformation, the application of which in posterior segment laser surgery, glaucoma diagnosis and follow-up, color blindness and retinal physiological activity research has been attracting attention.In this article, the principle and application of AO in ophthalmology were briefly reviewed.

Effect of perioperative synoptophore training on postoperative restoration of visual function in patients with constant exotropia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To investigate the effect of perioperative synoptophore scintillation training on postoperative restoration of binocular visual function in patients with constant exotropia.<p>METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 68(136 eyes)patients with constant exotropia, who successfully underwent surgical ophthalmological treatment from January 2017 to March 2021. Patients were divided into group A(n=35 cases, 70 eyes)and group B(n=33 cases, 66 eyes)according to whether or not they received perioperative synoptophore scintillation training. Group A included 19 males(38 eyes)and 16 females(32 eyes)(mean age: 29.34±12.72 years). Group B included 13 males(26 eyes)and 20 females(40 eyes)(mean age: 30.12±8.75 years). One month postoperatively, the patients were examined with a synoptophore, and the restoration of simultaneous vision, fusion function, and stereoscopic function were compared between the two groups.<p>RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, sex, and preoperative far and near deviations between the two groups(P>0.05). Postoperatively, the restoration rates of simultaneous vision, fusion function, and stereoacuity were 54%, 54%, and 43% in group A, respectively. And 27%, 27%, and 15% in group B, respectively. Statistically, there were respectively significant differences between the two groups(χ2=5.117, 5.117, 6.280; all P<0.05).<p>CONCLUSION: Perioperative synoptophore scintillation training can effectively improve the binocular vision function of adult patients and older children(>12 years)with constant exotropia without binocular vision function and enhance the therapeutic effect of surgery.

Effects of luminous environments on visual performance of people with different vision / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To study the effects of the specific simulated luminous environment on the visual performance of people with different vision, so as to provide an experimental basis for revising pilots' vision standards. METHODS: A controlled randomized trial was conducted. Twenty-four volunteers were recruited and divided into four groups(1.0/1.0, 0.8/0.8, 0.6/0.6 and 0.4/0.4, decimal vision)according to right/left eye visual acuity, with six subjects in each group. Each subject was tested for static distant vision, kinetic visual acuity, color vision, depth perception error and visual search time under the simulated luminous environments of sunlight, twilight, and on-cloud, respectively, to compare changes in the impact of distinctive luminous surroundings on the visual performance indicators of human beings with different vision.RESULTS: There were main effect differences in static distant vision, kinetic visual acuity, color error, depth perception error and visual search time under different light environments(all P&#x003C;0.01). The binocular static distant visual acuity, abilities of color discrimination, depth perception and visual search in simulated sunlight environment were higher than those in simulated twilight and on-cloud environments. In the 0.4/0.4 vision group, kinetic vision in simulated twilight and on-cloud environments were significantly lower than that in simulated sunlight environment(P&#x003C;0.01). There were main effect differences in binocular static distant vision, kinetic visual acuity, depth perception error and visual search time among subjects with different vision(all P&#x003C;0.05). Compared with 1.0/1.0 vision group, those with 0.6/0.6 and 0.4/0.4 vision had significant decrease in kinetic visual acuity, depth perception ability and visual search ability(all P&#x003C;0.05). CONCLUSION: Different luminous environments have a great impact on the visual performance of people with low vision, which poses a potential threat to flight safety.